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Network structure diagram of passive optical network

Fiber and communications infrastructure knowledge brief Published 27 Mar 2023

Prepared for preliminary research by the METRA knowledge desk. Confirm optical interfaces, port or core capacity, electrical input and output, enclosure protection, thermal design and installation limits against current standards and product documentation.

A Passive Optical Network (PON) uses a single optical fiber from the service provider to serve multiple end users via passive splitters, connecting an OLT to multiple ONUs/ONTs.

PON Architecture Overview

A PO

N consists of three main components: Optical Line Terminal (OLT): Located at the service provider's central office, the OLT manages data transmission, signaling, and monitoring for all connected users. Optical Distribution Network (ODN): The passive fiber network between the OLT and end users, including optical fibers and passive splitters that divide the signal to multiple branches. Optical Network Units (ONUs) / Optical Network Terminals (ONTs): Located near end users, these devices receive downstream data and send upstream data back to the OLT.

Signal Flow

Downstream (OLT → ONU/ONT): The OLT sends a single optical signal that is split by passive splitters to reach multiple users. Encryption ensures privacy since the signal is broadcast to all connected ONUs. Upstream (ONU/ONT → OLT): Signals from multiple users are combined by the splitter and sent back to the OLT using Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to avoid collisions.

Typical PO

N Diagram (Textual Representation)CodeCopy [OLT - Central Office] | | Single Fiber | +------|------+ | Splitter 1 | +------|------+ | | |... The splitter can have ratios like 1: 16, 1: 32, or higher, depending on network design. Dual-stage splitting is often used in large deployments to efficiently serve many users.

Bidirectional signals are transmitted on a single fiber using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM): typically 1490 nm for downstream and 1310 nm for upstream.

Key Advantages

Reduces fiber and central office equipment compared to point-to-point networks. Passive components require no power, lowering maintenance and operational costs. Supports high-speed broadband services, including GPON, XGS-PON, and 10G-PON technologies.

This diagram and explanation provide a clear view of how a PON connects a single OLT to multiple end users efficiently using passive optical splitters.

Network structure diagram of passive optical network - METRA FIBER MARKET [PDF]

Network structure diagram of passive optical network
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Technical note

This reference is intended for preliminary fiber and communications infrastructure research. Optical interface, fiber type, port or core capacity, electrical input and output, enclosure protection, cooling, installation limits and applicable standards must be verified for the specific project.

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